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Methods and mechanism

Pathway explainers and evidence summaries, each with named authorship, review date, primary sources, and a stated evidence tier.

  1. Evidence notePhase 2 clinical
    Retatrutide: 24.2% mean body-weight reduction at week 48

    A Phase 2 retatrutide trial reported a 24.2% mean body-weight reduction at week 48 in 338 adults with obesity or overweight plus a weight-related condition, excluding diabetes.

    Jastreboff et al., New England Journal of Medicine, 2023 ↗

  2. Mechanism notePreclinical pharmacology
    Triple agonism vs dual agonism

    Coskun et al. characterized retatrutide as a triple agonist at glucagon, GIP, and GLP-1 receptors in experimental systems.

    Coskun et al., Cell Metabolism, 2022 ↗

  3. Evidence noteAnimal model
    Why most BPC-157 evidence is rodent evidence

    Krivic et al. reported BPC-157 findings in a rat tendon-to-bone injury model.

    Krivic et al., Journal of Orthopaedic Research, 2006 ↗

  4. Methods noteIn vitro / cell culture
    Fragment vs full-length thymosin β4

    Malinda, Goldstein, and Kleinman studied full-length thymosin β4 in endothelial-cell migration assays.

    Malinda, Goldstein & Kleinman, FASEB Journal, 1997 ↗

  5. Methods noteAnalytical method
    Peptide COA: method and reported result

    FDA analytical-method guidance describes validation as part of reporting an analytical procedure and its performance characteristics.

    FDA analytical-procedures and methods-validation guidance ↗

  6. Methods guideAnalytical reading
    How to Read a Peptide COA: A Practical Guide

    A step-by-step way to separate sample identity, amount, chromatographic purity, mass-spec signals, verification, and the limits of a laboratory report.

    Peptide Test Canada verification portal (report-specific authentication not completed) ↗

  7. Evidence noteAnimal model / cell culture
    NNMT inhibition and the NAD salvage pathway

    Neelakantan et al. reported increased NAD+ and SAM in differentiated adipocytes and reduced adiposity in diet-induced-obese mice.

    Neelakantan et al., Biochemical Pharmacology, 2018 ↗